How Long Before the SAT Should You Prep 4 Key Tips

To what extent Before the SAT Should You Prep 4 Key Tips SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I get this inquiry from understudies a great deal, and it's unquestionably a significant one: to what extent before the SAT would it be a good idea for you to start getting ready for it? Additionally, to what extent is excessively long (you won't recall the material)? What's more, to what extent is excessively short (you won't have sufficient opportunity to consider)? You'll have to realize how to respond to these inquiries in the event that you wish to concentrate successfully. Our four most significant hints will enable you to decide when you should begin reading for the SAT. Tip 1: Figure Out How Many Hours You Can Study every Week First of all: how occupied of an understudy right? Do you just have an hour each Thursday night to consider on the grounds that all your leisure time is taken up by classes and exercises? Or on the other hand would you say you are the sort who can undoubtedly let loose three hours per day five days per week to read for the SAT? As a general guideline, you ought to go through at any rate 10 hours on SAT prep. On the off chance that you can't read for over 10 hours, it's once in a while justified, despite all the trouble to step through the examination. Taking into account that the SAT itself can take up at least six hours of your time (on the off chance that you tally driving time and prompt prep, that is), it just appears to be senseless not to spend at any rate this measure of time reading for it! A greatly improved standard to utilize is 40 hours of prep. For this situation, consistently can generously support you. Paradoxically, an all out, supercharged investigation routine, similar to a training camp, is more like 100 hours. Here is a diagram of conceivable SAT study times. Particularly great combos are set apart with a reference bullet: Study Hrs every Week Least Benchmark Full Study 60 minutes 2 months 8 months Not suggested 2 hours multi month 4 months* 10 months 5 hours fourteen days 1.5 months* 4 months 10 hours multi week 1 month* 2 months* 20 hours (summer) Not suggested fourteen days 1 month* It's critical to make sense of how long you explicitly should improve by so as to get the ACT score you need. This is what to do: first, set a SAT objective score. This score is the one well on the way to get you acknowledged into all the schools you're applying to. To locate this number, adhere to the guidelines in our manual for a decent SAT score. Next, make sense of your benchmark score by taking an official SAT practice test. This score is basically a beginning stage for your SAT prep. When you have both your gauge and objective scores, it's an ideal opportunity to compute to what extent you'll have to contemplate. To do this, essentially deduct your standard score from your objective score. By and large, the additional time you give to considering, the higher the score you increment you can hope to have. Here are our evaluations for the complete number of hours you'll have to prepare dependent on the SAT score improvement you need: 0-30 point improvement: 10 hours 30-70 point improvement: 20 hours 70-130 point improvement: 40 hours 130-200 point improvement: 80 hours 200-330 point improvement: 150 hours+ Since you know how long you'll have to read for the SAT, you can figure conceivable week after week or month to month plans dependent on how much leisure time you have every week. For instance, on the off chance that I need to improve my SAT score by 100, I'll have to read for around 40 hours. In this way, I could concentrate around four hours per week in the event that I have more than two months before test day, or 10 hours every week on the off chance that I just have a month left. To show signs of improvement thought of how long you could have at max accessible to you in seven days, month, or year for contemplating, you can peruse our article on how long/seconds/hours there are in a day/week/year. Tip 2: Pick a Convenient Test Date Picking a SAT test date that gives you a lot of time to study and functions admirably with your calendar is indispensable for quality prep. Ordinarily, it's ideal to pick a date in any event a couple of months early so you can without much of a stretch change your calendar to set aside a few minutes for study meetings. In the event that you pick a date that is very soon (i.e., not exactly a month prior to the test), you won't have as much an ideal opportunity to consider or improve your timetable. (On a related note, picking a date early additionally implies abstaining from paying late enlistment charges.) Moreover, pick a date that doesn't have a lot of going on around it. Along these lines you won't need to move your exercises excessively and will have the option to commit more opportunity to concentrating without agonizing over different commitments or occasions going on. Tip 3: Don't Study Too Far Ahead or You'll Forget What You've Learned In your SAT investigation plan, there are a few aptitudes I don't prescribe concentrating hard until you're nearer to your test date. Study them too soon and you're bound to overlook them! All things considered, a few things are acceptable to begin concentrating early. These are the aptitudes and substance you're less inclined to overlook later on, for example, the accompanying: Jargon (I despite everything recall mine from when I took the SAT!) Fundamental math There are a few things I don't suggest concentrating over a year prior to your test. Study this early and you'll overlook over half of what you realized! Rather, it's smarter to focus the time you have on the accompanying: Learning key test-taking procedures, for example, the procedure of disposal Taking authority practice tests At last, these are the things I don't suggest doing until in any event two months before your test: Becoming accustomed to the SAT position with different practice tests Doing at least one dry runs so you can become accustomed to the length (and weakness) of the test In outline, it's infrequently too soon to begin, however in case you're considering beginning some serious prep over a year ahead of time, contemplate when you approach new subjects. Tip 4: Try to Study for At Least 2 Weeks altogether In the event that you've just got up to 14 days to contemplate, the data you learn won't have sufficient opportunity to soak in. Eventually, you need to give your cerebrum sufficient opportunity to hold new SAT ideas! So attempt to examine, at any rate, at any rate fourteen days before your test. A month or longer is, obviously, stunningly better. In the event that test day's coming up, however, and you have extremely, brief period to examine, don't blow a gasket! You can at present get a decent score as long as you use the time you do have carefully. Our guide on the most proficient method to pack for the SAT instructs you precisely in this situation. What's Next? Intending to go through a year or additionally reading for the SAT? At that point you'll certainly need to look at our extensive one-year SAT study plan. In this guide, we give you what a powerful year-long examination plan resembles. Just got a month to read for the SAT? Try not to stress our broad guide strolls you through the means you'll have to take to have the option to hit your objective score inside only 30 days. Not certain what SAT score to focus on test day? Realize what a decent SAT score is for you and for the universities you're applying to. Need to improve your SAT score by 160? Look at our top tier online SAT prep classes. We ensure your cash back on the off chance that you don't improve your SAT score by at least 160. Our classes are altogether on the web, and they're educated by SAT specialists. In the event that you enjoyed this article, you'll love our classes. Alongside master drove classes, you'll get customized schoolwork with a huge number of training issues composed by singular abilities so you learn most adequately. We'll likewise give you a bit by bit, custom program to follow so you'll never be befuddled about what to concentrate straightaway. Attempt it chance free today:

European History - The Renaissance in Italy :: European Europe History

The Renaissance in Italy The Italian Renaissance was known as the start of the cutting edge age. The word Renaissance itself is gotten from the Latin word rinascere, which intends to be renewed. Numerous emotional changes happened during this time in the fields of reasoning, workmanship, legislative issues, and writing. New accentuation was set on getting a charge out of life and your general surroundings. Skilled people looked for self-delight through craftsmanship, writing, and engineering, and their achievments would impact people in the future for quite a long time to come. This incredible new development was started and focused in Italy, and without Italian commitment, could never have propelled European culture into the unfolding of another period. Toward the start of the Renaissance, Italy was separated into about 250 self-overseeing city-states, going from unassuming communities of 2,000 people, to the absolute biggest urban areas in Europe of that time, for example, Florence, Milan, and Venice, each with 100,000 residents each. These city-states were inexactly composed under the Pope, controlling out of Rome, despite the fact that he had no genuine political power over the partitioned Italy. During the mid-1300s and mid 1400s, numerous enormous Italian urban communities went under the control of one family, for example, the Visconti and later the Sforza families in Milan. The type of government set up by the decision groups of the different Italian urban areas came to be known as signoria, with the main authority being known as the signore. Before long , expand court frameworks, constrained by the decision families, started to jump up in every city-state. At these courts, driving craftsmen, learned people, and legislators accumulated under the sponsorship of the signore and families. Other city states had a type of republicanism, for example, Florence and Venice did. In these urban areas, a gathering of high society families controlled the administration, and frequently looked downward on the regular occupants of the town, believing them to be mediocre. A Venetian eyewitness expounded on Florence during this time: They are never content with their constitution, they are rarely tranquil, and it appears that this city consistently wants change of constitution as so the administration changes each fifteen years(Cole p.218) In Florence, which is maybe viewed as the most significant focus of Renaissance learning ever, the Medici family overwhelmed the decision class. Under Medici mastery, Florence turned into a signorial power and a social jewel stone. It was during the rule of Lorenzo de' Medici , that numerous incredible painters, artists, and designers ran to the Medici family searching for sponsorship, realizing that Lorenzo was an extraordinary supporter of expressions of the human experience.

Understanding Operating Leverage (+3 Case Studies)

Understanding Operating Leverage (+3 Case Studies) How are you looking to do more with your business? I know, there is a lot that you need to take care of.There is a need to focus on the right workplace model, having the right tools like Asana or access to more resources.However, if you’re looking to have the adequate cash flow at all times, you need to focus on your bookkeeping too.What if you don’t achieve your sales targets? There can be seasonal changes, depending on the nature of your business.When the sales are higher, you need to ensure that you have more funds to achieve greater efficiency and higher sales.Yet, accounting can confuse the best of us, right?Even if you have an accounting team, are they doing it right?Organizations significantly lean on accounting concepts.Don’t worry, though. Once you are clear as to what you need, you can implement them with ease.Accounting is not only crucial for businesses but in everyday life too.In accounting, two particular terms can be particularly challenging to understand Operat ing Leverage and Financial Leverage. (You flinched, didn’t you?)These topics are difficult to understand but are just as important for students as they are for professionals.To understand them, first, let’s see what the term ‘Leverage’ means in accounting and then we’ll jump to the more complex and dreaded types of leverages.HOW DO YOU GAIN THE RIGHT LEVERAGE?When you use the debt or any amount to purchase assets, operate a company, or gain possession of any other company you are ‘leveraging’ it.It is basically an investment strategy to use borrowed funds to increase the Return on Investment.There are four types of leverages you must know about,Operating LeverageFinancial LeverageCapital LeverageWorking Capital LeverageIt is clear that with lower leverage the effort required is more, but the output that you get is considerably less.Operating leverage is dependent on the cost structure of the company, and financial leverage depends on the capital and investment of the c ompany.The terms Financial Leverage and Operating Leverage are often used in finance, but do you know what they mean?Lower leverage translates to lesser output. Operating leverage is dependent on the cost structure of the company, and financial leverage depends on the capital and investment of the company.But why do companies need leverage?Leverage is essential to measure the operating risk, financial risk, design appropriate capital structure, and increase profits.Measuring Operating RisksCompanies sometimes are not able to cover their fixed costs or operating costs. Leverage plays an important role to manage and measure such risks.Measuring Financial RisksSimilar to measuring Operating risks, this is another application of leverage, useful to measure the financial risks that a firm takes.Helps to Design Appropriate Capital StructureLeverage helps you to manage debts and equity using several strategies. For this, Operating Leverage and Financial Leverage are used simultaneously or in combination.Increases Profit SignificantlyThe firm uses fixed costs to increase profitability and generates better results. Leverage ensures utilizing the maximum of the fixed costs to increase the profit.UNDERSTANDING HOW YOUR BUSINESS BENEFITS FROM THE RIGHT OPERATING LEVERAGEThe terms Financial Leverage and Operating Leverage are often used in finance, but do you know what they mean?These are two different concepts people use synonymously, but they are not the same. When you look at each of them individually, you’ll find out how different they are.Leverage on its own is the difference in one variable because of another variable.Let’s understand these concepts first, based on these we’ll go through some simple examples and case studies to understand the concept of Operating Leverage.WHAT IS OPERATING LEVERAGE?In simple terms, Operating Leverage is the extent of fixed and variable costs in a company.Fixed costs are those who don’t vary based on the income generated by th e company.Variable costs, on the other hand, can be changed and managed with the production rate as the salary of employees, raw materials, and so on.If the sales increase, the percent of profit that increases along with the sales is the operating leverage. Now let’s see what financial leverage is.Financial Leverage vs. Operating LeverageTo understand operating Leverage, you need to know how it is different than Financial Leverage.Definition: The amount of debt in a company intake is directly proportional to the financial leverage of that company.You need to do less to earn more profits here. However, that does not make this strategy better than Operating Leverage. The debt is a fixed cost in this case, with the revenue you must clear this debt. A greater debt isn’t a great sign.The concepts of Operating Leverage and Financial Leverage are essential in maintaining the profit margin of a company.There are differences between these two types of leverages; they are discussed briefl y in the following section.Operating Leverage vs. Financial LeverageWith higher effort, the output or profit generated is lesser in Operating Leverage. Whereas in Financial Leverage the effort you put in decreases with debts, but the profit or output increases significantly.Lower or no debt means higher operating leverage, lower financial leverage and the other way around.One thing that is common in both cases is that the company’s variable cost is directly proportional to sales.For Operating leverage, higher production spreads out the fixed costs among more units reducing the fixed cost of every unit thus increasing the variable cost.But in the case of financial leverage, more units mean more debt thus increasing the financial leverage of the company.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPERATING AND FINANCIAL LEVERAGENow, operating leverage and financial leverage have a fundamental difference â€" we will take a look at it below.What they are about?Operating Leverage is about a firm’s fixed cost s on the other hand financial leverage is all about the firm’s capital structure.The Measurement DiffersBoth types of leverages can be measured using various methods but what do they measure?Operating Leverage measures the operating risks of businesses and financial leverage manages financial risks of an organization.Formulas and CalculationCalculating these two types of leverages can be done using different formulas.One formula to calculate Operating leverage is when you divide the contribution or the operations of the firm by the EBIT of the firm.To calculate Financial Leverage, divide the EBIT by the EBT of the firm.Impact of Both the PhenomenaWhen the Degree of Operating Leverage or DOOL is higher, it means that the firm is taking a more operating risk. On the other hand, if the operating risk is higher, it means a greater financial risk for the organization.Preference LevelMany organizations often take financial risks rather than operating risks and so, financial leverage is more preferred by the firms than Operating Leverage.You can further clarify these two types of leverages by case studies and instances. But we will be focusing on Operating leverage and how to understand it better.THE THREE CASE STUDIES TO HELP YOU KNOW ABOUT OPERATING LEVERAGELet’s start with a few simple examples first. After these; we’ll gradually progress to complex case studies.Example 1: Airline’s Operating Leverage It is the simplest and most widely used example to understand Operating Leverage.Consider any airline company.The fixed costs for this company are going to be significantly higher than companies in most other industries.The cost of leasing airplanes, leasing hangars for those planes, and insurance are all fixed.These costs must be paid monthly, quarterly or annually whether the airline company gets customers or not.But the variable costs can be managed like the cost for fuel, refreshments for the passengers, and the salary of the crew (to some extent).This me ans that without customers and take offs the airline company will still have to pay for its aircraft and insurance. However, variable costs like fuel for the aircraft and refreshments for the passengers can be reduced significantly.When the sales increase, the company raises more revenue, and this results in a profit. But with no sale or lower sales, the company still has to pay its fixed cost, resulting in a loss.The DOL or Degree of Leverage, tells us how well a company manages its fixed costs to get the maximum profit.DOL = (Sales â€" Variable Costs) / ProfitWhere Profit can be calculated using the following formula,Profit= Sales â€" Variable Costs â€" Fixed CostsFor example, if ABC airline company’s ticket sale is $4000, Variable Cost is $400, and Fixed Cost is $1100, its DOL will be,DOL = (4000 â€" 400) / 2500 = 1.44If the sales increase by 10% in this case, ABC airline will experience a 14% rise in their profit.However, if the company doesn’t have as many ticket sales, it could lead to a loss.An Operating Leverage magnifies both, profits and losses, based on the economic condition of that industry.Example 2: A Software CompanyConsider a software company; this company will naturally have higher fixed costs.Examples of fixed costs would be the salaries of the developers no matter how many applications or solutions they design.And the variable cost is the cost of the sales that occur; you cannot be sure how many websites or applications the software company will develop for its clients.The Operating Leverage, in this case, would be low and the efforts required to be put in by developers be spontaneous and high.Example 3:Another example would be comparing Google and Walmart.The point at which Google starts getting its profit is after paying the salary of every employee which means that Google has a high Operating Leverage.But with Walmart, the variable cost of the number of goods sold determines the profit or loss.This means that Walmart has few fixed an d more variable costs leading to a low Operating Leverage.Fixed costs remain the same at all time not depending on the goods or services sold or produced. Some examples of the fixed cost would be,Rent.Salary.Insurance.Now that we have a clear picture of what Operating Leverage is, let’s understand the concept even better with case studies.With all the given examples and case studies the concept of Operating Leverage can now be understood in a comparatively better way.There are several confusing explanations for this business phenomenon however, the simplest ones are stated and explained here for you to understand it better.CASE STUDY 1: STUDY OF MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING LINKED TO OPERATING AND FINANCIAL LEVERAGEThis is a case study taken from Researchgate.net, in which the researchers have studied in detail the effect of Operating and Financial leverages of a Management Company and simultaneously explained the firms Degree of Operating Leverage (DOOL) and Degree of Financial Lev erage (DOFL)For any company, the manager needs to find the right balance between the fixed costs and the debts or equity utilized to maximize profits.In this case study, the researchers have found the significance of a well-balanced operating and financial leverage of a firm.The general understanding of any firm’s capital structure, its leverages and use its equity shares and debt accordingly are essential for the manager.With changes made in fixed costs, the Earnings Before Interests and Taxes (EBIT) or the Operating Leverage gets affected is what the study concluded.The researchers also examined various risks that came with the Operating Leverage.It was observed that as they increased only the fixed operating costs and not the sales quantity, the firm loses its operating profit as the employees have to put in more effort to meet the sales quantity.It is clear if the firm uses only debts and equity then the Operating Leverage or EBIT gradually increases. However, in this case, th e total earnings remain the same for the investors.Similarly, in the case of 50% equity and 50% debt, the Operating profit decreases but the Profits after Taxes (PAT) increases.This leads to an increase in total earnings from the equity and debt investors and enhances the shareholder’s wealth in the future.With mixed capital, it is also observed that the Return on Equity also increases substantially for the firm.In this case study, the researchers conclude that it is better to have both equity and debt capital in their firm’s structure.Now, let’s take a look at a different case study for better understanding.CASE STUDY 2: A STUDY ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF TATA MOTORS LIMITEDIn this case study, operating leverage is defined as the firm’s ability to use operating costs to maximize the effect of the sales before taxes and interest.The formula derived for Operating Leverage here is that it is the sales divided by the Earnings Before Interest and Taxes.i.e. Operating Lever age = Sales / Earnings Before Interest and TaxesAccording to research and fixed costs from annual reports, a rise of 151% and a decrement of 10% has been seen in the years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 respectively.In the duration that the study was conducted the Operating Leverage shows a fluctuating trend.For this reason, the company (Tata Motors) must make optimum use of their operating costs to meet the cost of changes in sales in the future on its earnings before interest and taxes.Since both, financial and operating leverage play an important role in managing a firm’s ability to manage fixed costs, their sum gives the Combined leverage of the organization.This value can be positive or negative based on financial and operating leverages.It is then concluded for operating leverage that the company must make maximum use of its operating costs to meet the future effects of sales changes.The main aim of any organization is to increase its value and minimize the cost of capital that it requires for it.From the years 2012 and 2016, the operating leverage shows a lot of variations by increasing and decreasing in succeeding years.The result of the study is that equity and debt should be managed carefully and must be sufficient to meet the fixed costs of Tata Motors.Considering this and several other factors it was then concluded that Tata Motor’s Capital structure was satisfactory in those years.CASE STUDY 3: A STUDY OF LEVERAGE ANALYSIS AND PROFITABILITY FOR DR. REDDYS LABORATORIESThe case study for Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories explains leverage and its types with respect to the laboratory’s expenses. It states that leverage means to have a fixed expense for businesses.The two kinds of leverage are,i) Operating Leverageii) Financial LeverageIf a business has fixed expenses, then the leverage is operating leverage.On the other hand, if the business bears funds in the form of interests, it is Financial leverage.Operating Leverage impacts the change in sales and earn ings before interest and taxes.This research was conducted from the year 2010 to 2014 and shows the trends of operating leverage have been rising and falling significantly.Leverage analysis indicates the financial performance in the long run.The research shows that there is a direct relationship between profit and leverage.The average ratio of Operating Leverage maintained by Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories is 1.33; this clearly shows us that the firm does not maintain optimum financial leverage.The debt owned by Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories was 17 percent over its total capital. It shows that the laboratory is heavily dependent on its shareholders for as much as 83 percent of its funding.It is found that the Degree of Operating Leverage is negatively proportional to the laboratories Return on Investment.So, it can easily be said that the Operating Leverage of this laboratory was not in good condition from the study between 2010 to 2014.The suggestion that the researchers presented to Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories is that they manage their borrowed and owned funds in a balanced manner and not be completely dependent on one of them.CONCLUSIONIn simple terms, operating leverage refers to the reaction of the company’s net income to a change in the sales quantity.It measures the proportion of fixed costs in a company’s capital structure to maximize profit.Firms with higher fixed costs and lower variable costs generally have higher Operating Leverage.To conclude, depending on the industry Operating Leverage can be high or low to maximize sales.It can be defined by the organization’s capability to use fixed costs to their advantage and generate better returns.One other way to look at Operating Leverage is by examining that firms can lower fixed costs and increase their profits without compromising their selling price or the number of units that they sell.All 3 of the case studies show that firms often miscalculate their fixed costs and equities resulting in dwindling Op erating costs.It is also one of the most important factors that affect business risks.A company that keeps a high margin to generate sales and low variable costs has high operating Leverage.Operating Leverage must be considered from different firms of the same industry to calculate an average Operating Leverage Rate to set as a benchmark for companies.This makes the calculation process of Operating Leverage more effective.

Anne of Brittany Heiress and Twice Queen of France

Known for: the richest woman in Europe in her time; Queen of France twice, married to two kings in succession.Occupation: sovereign Duchess of BurgundyDates: January 22, 1477 - January 9, 1514Also known as: Anne de Bretagne, Anna Vreizh Background Mother: Margaret of Foix, daughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of FoixFather: Francis II, Duke of Brittany, who fought with King Louis and Charles VIII of France to keep Brittany independent, and who protected Henry Tudor who had fled England and would later become King Henry VII of England.Member of the house of Dreux-Montfort, tracing descent back to Hugh Capet, the French king.Sibling: A younger sister, Isabelle, died in 1490 Anne of Brittany Biography As heiress to the rich duchy of Brittany, Anne was sought as a marriage prize by many of the royal families of Europe. In 1483, Annes father arranged for her to marry the Prince of Wales, Edward, son of Edward IV of England. That same year, Edward IV died and Edward V was briefly king until his uncle, Richard III, took the throne and the young prince and his brother disappeared and are presumed to have been killed. Another possible husband was Louis of Orleans, but he was already married and would have to get an annulment in order to marry Anne. In 1486, Annes mother died. Her father, with no male heirs, arranged that Anne would inherit his titles and lands. In 1488, Annes father was forced to sign a treaty with France stating that neither Anne nor her sister Isabelle could marry without the permission of the king of France. Within the month, Annes father died in an accident, and Anne, barely older than ten years old, was left his heiress. Marriage Options Alain dAlbret, called Alain the Great (1440 to 1552), tried to arrange a marriage with Anne, hoping the alliance with Brittany would add to his power against Frances royal authority. Anne rejected his proposal. In 1490, Anne agreed to marry the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian, who had been an ally of her father in his attempts to keep Brittany independent of French control. The contract specified that she would keep her sovereign title as Duchess of Brittany during her marriage. Maximilian had been married to Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, before she died in 1482, leaving a son, Philip, his heir, and a daughter Margaret betrothed to Charles, son of Louis XI of France. Anne was married by proxy to Maximilian in 1490. No second ceremony, in person, was ever held. Charles, Louiss son, became king of France as Charles VIII. His sister Anne had served as his regent before he was of age. When he achieved his majority and ruled without the regency, he sent troops to Brittany to prevent Maximilian from completing his marriage to Anne of Brittany. Maximilian was already fighting in Spain and Central Europe, and France was able to quickly subdue Brittany. Queen of France Charles arranged that Anne would marry him, and she agreed, hoping that their arrangement would allow Brittany significant independence. They married on December 6, 1491, and Anne was crowned Queen of France on February 8, 1492. In becoming Queen, she had to give up her title as Duchess of Brittany. After that marriage, Charles had Annes marriage to Maximilian annulled. The marriage contract between Anne and Charles specified that whoever outlived the other would inherit Brittany. It also specified that if Charles and Anne had no male heirs, and Charles died first, that Anne would marry Charles successor. Their son, Charles, was born in October of 1492; he died in 1495 of the measles. Another son died soon after birth and there were two other pregnancies ending in stillbirths. In April of 1498, Charles died. By the terms of their marriage contract, she was required to marry Louis XII, Charles successor -- the same man who, as Louis of Orleans, had been considered as a husband for Anne earlier, but was rejected because he was already married. Anne agreed to fulfill the terms of the marriage contract and marry Louis, provided that he get an annulment from the Pope within a year. Claiming that he could not consummate his marriage with his wife, Jeanne of France, a daughter of Louis IX, even though he had been known to boast of their sexual life, Louis obtained the annulment from Pope Alexander VI, whose son, Caesar Borgia, was given French titles in exchange for the consent. While the annulment was in process, Anne returned to Brittany, where she ruled again as Duchess. When the annulment was granted, Anne returned to France to marry Louis on January 8, 1499. She wore a white dress to the wedding, the beginning of the Western custom of brides wearing white for their weddings. She was able to negotiate a wedding contract that permitted her to continue to rule in Brittany, rather than giving up the title for the title of Queen of France. Children Anne gave birth nine months after the wedding. The child, a daughter, was named Claude, who became Annes heir to the title of Duchess of Brittany. As a daughter, Claude could not inherit the crown of France because France followed Salic Law, but Brittany did not. A year after Claudes birth, Anne gave birth to a second daughter, Renà ©e, on October 25, 1510. Anne arranged that year for her daughter, Claude, to marry Charles of Luxembourg, but Louis overruled her. Louis wanted to marry Claude to her cousin, Francis, Duke of Angoulà ªme; Francis was heir to the crown of France after Louis death if Louis had no sons. Anne continued to oppose this marriage, disliking the mother of Francis, Louise of Savoy, and seeing that if her daughter were married to the King of France, Brittany would likely lose its autonomy. Anne was a patron of the arts. The Unicorn Tapestries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) may have been created with her patronage. She also commissioned a funeral monument at Nantes in Brittany for her father. Anne died of kidney stones on January 9, 1514, only 36 years old. While her burial was at the cathedral of Saint-Denis, where French royalty was laid to rest, her heart, as specified in her will, was put in a gold box and sent to Nantes in Brittany. During the French Revolution, this reliquary was to be melted down along with many other relics but was saved and protected, and eventually returned to Nantes. Annes Daughters Immediately after Annes death, Louis carried through the marriage of Claude to Francis, who would succeed him. Louis remarried, taking as his wife the sister of Henry VIII, Mary Tudor. Louis died the next year without gaining the hoped-for male heir, and Francis, Claudes husband, became King of France, and made his heir the Duke of Brittany as well as King of France, ending Annes hoped-for autonomy for Brittany. Claudes ladies-in-waiting included Mary Boleyn, who was a mistress of Claudes husband Francis, and Anne Boleyn, later to marry Henry VIII of England. Another of her ladies-in-waiting was Diane de Poitiers, the long-time mistress of Henry II, one of the seven children of Francis and Claude. Claude died at age 24 in 1524. Renà ©e of France, the younger daughter of Anne and Louis, married Ercole II dEste, Duke of Ferrara, son of Lucrezia Borgia and her third husband, Alfonso dEste, brother of Isabella dEste. Ercole II was thus a grandson of Pope Alexander VI, the same Pope who granted the annulment of her fathers first marriage, permitting his marriage to Anne. Renà ©e became associated with the Protestant Reformation and Calvin and was subjected to a heresy trial. She returned to live in France after her husband died in 1559.

The Scarlet Letter vs. the Crucible Essay - 703 Words

6 December 2010 The edgy tale of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is comparable in many ways to Arthur Miller’s haunting play The Crucible. Both are set in Puritan New England in the 17th century and revolve around the harsh law enforcement of the time. However, The Scarlet Letter tells the story of a woman as she deals with her heavy Puritan punishment, whereas The Crucible follows hysteria as it spreads throughout an entire town. Hester Prynne, the main character of The Scarlet Letter, was found guilty for adultery and sentenced to wear a red letter A on her chest to inform people of her sin. Similarly, The Crucible’s main character John Proctor admits to having committed lechery and is sent to jail for this and for being a†¦show more content†¦In an open courtroom John doesn’t only admit to his sin, but expresses his regret for it; yet Hester refuses to speak any details about her sin and shows no emotion towards it whatsoever. This lack of e motion shown by Hester is completely reversed when analyzing the antagonists involved in these works. The main similarity between the two villains is that they both have great emotions towards the main characters. â€Å"[Abigail] thinks to dance with [John] on [his] wife’s grave!† and wishes to once again win his love (Miller 106) The main emotion held by Abigail Williams is therefore lust. In contrast, Roger Chillingworth wishes for Hester to suffer for her sin. â€Å"Even if I imagine a scheme of vengeance, what could I do better for my object that to let thee live, – than to give thee medicines against all harm and peril of life, – so that this burning shame may still blaze upon thy bosom?† (Hawthorne 62) Another large difference between Abby and Roger is how they react with the other characters in their separate tales. Abby’s popularity is crucial in The Crucible. If she were not to have had the support of the other young girls of the to wn and the trust of Danforth and Hale, then Miss Williams never would have been able to accomplish as much as she did. On the polar opposite end, Chillingworth’s reclusiveness is a defining factor within The Scarlet Letter. His image as â€Å"The Leech† helps to demonstrateShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter And The Crucible821 Words   |  4 Pagesis one that that is both emitted in the Scarlet Letter and The Crucible. Both literary works share similar ideas, but also have quite a few differences. Nathaniel Hawthorne, the writer, utilizes symbolism for the scarlet letter, to be a symbol of Hester’s shame. The embroidered â€Å"A† on Hester’s bosom symbolizes the sin of adultery which she had committed. Not only was the sign of embarrasment used but also the scaffold had great importance in the Scarlet Letter. The scaffold was used as place of humiliationRead MoreThe Crucible : Nature Vs Nurture Debate2002 Words   |  9 Pagesrunning discussions in psychology is the nature vs nurture debate. That is, is human behavior influenced more by environmental factors in one’s life, such as parents, or by genetics and biological factors? In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch is described as an outstanding role model for his children, Jem and Scout, teaching them morals, discipline, and important lessons such as the acceptance of those who are different. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne describes Hester PrynneRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagesperspective of the present. One of the best illustrations of this point is Arthur Miller’s great play, The Crucible, on the literal level a treatment of the mass hysteria evidenced in the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 but through contextual parallels an expose of the McCarthyism that was rampant in America at the time Miller published the play, 1953. There can be no denying that The Crucible is an â₠¬Å"historical† play; but it would certainly be a mistake to view the play as merely or even primarily

Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today Free Essays

Is Latin America a more democratic place today than it was in 1945? Given the word and time restrictions, an in depth analysis of each Latin American country’s democratic progression across the time period would simply not be feasible. Instead I will attempt to look at Latin America’s progression as a whole and will provide examples of specific countries situations where relevant, in particular Venezuela. Firstly it is important to distinguish between two ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One is democracy. For democracy to work, there must be free and fair elections. There must be more than one political party. The people of the country should have a good education so that they can make informed choices. They should share a common culture. All must accept the idea that everyone has equal rights. Finally, there must be rule by law, not by power. In other words there must be a separation of power, which means that the judiciary has to be a completely different body from the governing power of the country. Many nations in Latin America have had dif? culty achieving democracy because all these factors are not present. The second idea is that of democratic culture. This involves the existence of constitutions, respect for rights, transparency when it comes to policies and governmental decisions and crucially, no corruption. Latin America, when viewed as a whole, is generally viewed as a more democratic place now than in 1945 but it would be wrong to assert that during the past 68 years Latin American countries have undergone a steady increase in democracy. Brazil is a prime example of a country that has gone through fluctuations in democracy throughout the period. Currently in Latin America, despite being in a state of relative poverty when compared to the rest of the world, the majority of countries have become, at least formally, electoral democracies. 13 countries are now classed as free, 8 as partially free, with only Cuba and Haiti being deemed as not. Venezuela, following the recent passing of Hugo Chavez, is at a crossroads on its journey to democracy. However many question how democratic a ruler Chavez actually was in his time as president. One of two very important relationships to analyse is that of democracy and the level of development in a country or in this case Latin America. This leads on to what is one of the most stable relationships in social sciences, the positive correlation between high levels of wealth and established democracy (Lipset 1959). To back this statistic up, a democratic regime has never fallen after a country has reached a certain level of income per capita, which is said to be $6055 (Przeworski 2000). In 1945 Latin America was still recovering from the economic shockwaves caused by the great depression of 1930. This global economic crisis meant that the rest of the world was not demanding any imports from Latin America. At the time these would have been mainly raw materials and this lack of export revenue for the South American countries had a detrimental effect on their situations in the majority of cases. During the decade or so after the great depression, around 1945, the effects will have trickled down and income per capita and GDP levels will have been significantly reduced. This will in turn have destabilised democracy attempts and can be viewed as a reason for why Latin America was less democratic then than it is now. Without the economic and financial means it is very difficult to achieve a fully functioning democracy. Of course it is worth pointing out that we are nearing the end of a fairly gruelling global economic downturn today but the consequences for Latin America are far less in this instance. The economic growth in Latin America has been very modest throughout the 68 years in question but more importantly it has been volatile. Periods of prosperity in several countries have been followed by long periods of stagnation and even negative growth. This volatility can be seen in Latin American countries progression since independence in terms of democracy as well. Take Brazil as an example. The country became independent in 1822 and was ruled by a monarchy. In 1930 this monarchy was overthrown and the country was under a dictatorship for a couple of decades. In 1956 an elected leader was installed only to be replaced by military rule 10 years later. Finally in the 1980’s, as a result of yet another economic decline, Brazil was yet again ruled by an elected president. The other significant relationship that needs to be looked at is that of democracy and corruption. Corruption is usually defined as a violation of the norms of public office for personal gain (Nye 1967). It has been suggested that corruption permeates everyday life in Latin America with only very high profile cases ever being unveiled in a court of law and even then this only happens in the more democratic countries (Blake and Morris 2009). Here are a few statistics to back this assertion up. In a 2004 survey 42 % of respondents ranked the probability of paying a bribe to the police as high, while 35% expressed the same ease of bribing a judge (Blake and Morris 2009). In a 2005 survey, 43% of respondents in Paraguay and 31% in Mexico admitted to having paid a bribe just within the past twelve months (Blake and Morris 2009). Democracy has a complex and multifaceted relationship to corruption (Doig and Theobald 2000). It provides alternative avenues to obtain and then use power and wealth. This leads to brand new opportunities for corruption. However despite the fact that democracy makes it easier for corruption to exist, when there is a democracy it becomes of even greater importance to supress corruption as it strikes at the very meaning of democracy itself. To sum this idea up, corruption undermines the essence of citizenship, distorting and crippling democracy (Blake and Morris 2009). It is clear from the statistics in the previous paragraph that corruption continues in today’s Latin America to have a tight grip over many if not all of its countries. Therefore it is very difficult to say that democracy has come on in leaps and bounds since 1945 when as crucial a factor as corruption is still such a plague to the region. Another factor when looking at democracy in the continent is the level of education. People must be aware of the fact that there is more than one option in a democracy. It is also crucial that the population of a country understands the concept of propaganda. A democracy can only work in a country with a certain level of education otherwise it can easily be classed as brainwashing, especially with the level of influence that the media can have over an ill-educated population. An example of what a lack of education can do in a democracy is that during the elections in which Chavez was voted in, he very nearly missed out on the appointment because his main rival was a former Miss Venezuela. The implication of this is that a worrying amount of the Venezuelan public didn’t vote for Chavez because there was a far better looking female alternative. Of course this could just be cynicism and she may well have had a very impressive manifesto and realistic yet progressive goals. During Chavez’ time in power though, he managed to substantially increase literacy along with reducing poverty by over half. Chavez had many positive effects on Venezuela, not least providing them with 14 years of stable rule. However his recent death has thrown the country off its feet and they are at risk of descending into political turmoil. Further examples of why Latin America was less democratic in 1945 include the fact that leading South American countries such as Columbia and Argentina had still not given women the right to vote. Universal suffrage is something that can be found in certain definitions of democracy for example Dahl’s and was definitely holding those countries back at that stage in their bid for democracy (Dahl 1971). To conclude, it is safe to say that Latin American countries are in a better overall place than in 1945 but that corruption in particular is holding them back. A country needs to be not only ready for democracy but also willing to accept it. It can definitely be argued that not all Latin American countries are ready for democracy but one final point may indicate that they are nearing acceptance of it. This is that something the Latin Americans care greatly about is their national identity, an idea that is very closely linked to democracy. Therefore with the rapid increase in globalisation endangering this coveted national identity, South American countries are rapidly warming to the idea of being democratic. Bibliography: Charles H. Blake Stephen D. Morris (1999), Corruption and Democracy in Latin America, published by the University of Pittsburgh Press. * R. A. Dahl (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, published by Yale University Press. * Alan Doig and Robin Theobald (2000), Corruption and Democratization. * S. M. Lipset (1959), Some Social Requisites of Democracy, Economic Development and Political Illegitimacy. * A. Przewor ski (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World 1950-1990, Cambridge University Press. How to cite Is Latin America a More Democratic Place Today?, Essay examples

Was Trade the Most Important Factor of British Empire free essay sample

At the Catty Sara I learned that the ship traded tea from China. It was able to carry 10,335 tea chests. It left from London with mining gear, beer, coal and household goods. This shows that trade was quite an important factor for the Empire because people were able to use items and foods that they did not get in their own country and it also increases colonization because some people from the UK would stay in China gathering all of the cargo onto the ship and would Stay there to make sure trade was always going on.The ship would of shipped off a lot of cargo and the living conditions would have been very bad. The men on board would of had to do many jobs. This shows that being on board a ship was not always a pleasant experience. The ship had many sales so that it could travel faster. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Trade the Most Important Factor of British Empire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Catty Sara would export cargo from the United Kingdom such as items like mining gear, beer, coal, household goods, some weaponry and especially wool. In Australia from 1869-1892 there ended up being 100,000,000 sheep in Australia. There were not that many men on board.There were 30 men on board at the most and almost half of them were apprentices. Most of the crew on board the ship would abandon it when they got to Australia. This increased colonization in another part Of the world. At the National Maritime Museum I learnt more about the East India Company. The Europeans began to trade with Asia by sea around the 1 asss. The first European to sail from Europe to Asia was Vases ad Gamma. Many different European countries traded with sailed to Southern India for things like spices and pepper. This is exactly what the Dutch did.Robert Knox sailed room Great Britain to Southern India because of the East India Company. Many of the things that were traded helped the ELK. Pepper which came from India protected people against the Plague. The Navy was the most important thing with trading because it allowed you to get to different countries. Trade caused a lot of conflict like at the Battle of Pleases in 1757 where Clive defeated the Nab(prince) Syria dud-Dual. This was a turning point because the British ended up capturing India. This is also a turning point because they would have more land and begin to colonies in India.It also would have made heir rivals such as the Dutch angry because they would now be trading with the British. The East India Company was very efficient during trade because it was able to give people more jobs, more goods and also more allies. At the Painted Hall there was not much to learn about trade or colonization etc.. Instead of those things we saw a whole room that was painted with different Gods, Kings, Queens, Seasons, Ships and these were all merged together to make as if it was telling small stories. The hall was painted by a man called James Thrills and he wanted to make this so that he could get ore money.I think that the hall was made like that for National Pride because when an apprentice would walk into a room like that they would be proud of their country and would be motivated to make his country proud. The men and women who made the British Empire would have been motivated because of factors such as national pride, wealth, fame, making allies, agriculture, weaponry. These all show that the British were trying to make their country known. It does not really surprise me because if you look at any country, they all want to spread their culture and gain power but some Mounties know how to do it better than others.I think that trade was the most important factor of the British Empire because it was the most powerful trading nation in the world, they arrived in the country to trade in the first place, many products Were brought to Britain some of which we still have today and if trade never began then we would not have things like tea, coffee, exotic fruits, spices etc.. The other factors are important because Britain created allies, spread religion quickly and beat their rivals in war. These are all good factors but none of it would have appended if trade did not really begin.From 1603-1677 million pounds more pepper was exported from India to the LIKE. This helped them in war because they were able to gain allies. Even though there was conflict like at the Battle of Pleases there was somebody in India to help the East India Company. The increase of tea exports from China between 1 701 to 1801 was 31,500,000 pounds. During trade with different countries it also increased the amount of money in the Trade is also important because of the slave trade and how many workers they were able to work for them. It also allowed them to get goods from the Caribbean and also gain allies from Africa. There are negatives to the slave trade on how they treated the workers and how much they made them work in such terrible conditions. The middle passage was the worst because the slaves would get whipped and the conditions below deck would be so bad because it wool be very cramped. They hardly got any food and they were made to work unwillingly with no pay. If they were punished they were either marked or in a really bad incident then they would be killed to set an example to the other slaves.Young children and old people would do minor jobs like picking up litter and extra grains to throw away. People who were quite Strong such as young men would work on the plantations and women would work in the slavers houses doing the cooking and cleaning in the houses. The white people would not do that much other than collect the money. The living conditions were also really bad because they would hardly have any space and it would be very cramped. That all changed when slaves became Christian and people began to feel as if they should not make their fellow Christians work with no pay.Religion was increased because of the slaves and colonization in different countries but they would have had to trade to make this happen. To beat their rivals Great Britain would have also used trade to gain allies and generate a larger army. They would have also gained more weapons. Trade was also a very big factor for the British Empire because it gained fame and wealth for the UK. It helped make their country known and to spread their culture. Even though it took quite a long time to get to each location that they needed to get to it was all worth it in the end because they ended up bringing jack a lot of cargo which could last the I.J for quite a long time. It helped that the navy were good because it meant that trade would be a lot easier because they would be able to get to each place quicker and would be able to navigate themselves well. Even though there were many important factors Of the British Empire personally think that trade was the most important because it increased the United Kingdoms economy, agriculture, fame, wealth, culture and goods exported from other countries. That is why trade in my opinion is the most important factor of the growth of the British Empire.